loopback-datasource-juggler/lib/model-builder.js

// Copyright IBM Corp. 2013,2016. All Rights Reserved.
// Node module: loopback-datasource-juggler
// This file is licensed under the MIT License.
// License text available at https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
'use strict';

/*!
 * Module dependencies
 */

const g = require('strong-globalize')();
const inflection = require('inflection');
const EventEmitter = require('events').EventEmitter;
const util = require('util');
const assert = require('assert');
const deprecated = require('depd')('loopback-datasource-juggler');
const DefaultModelBaseClass = require('./model.js');
const List = require('./list.js');
const ModelDefinition = require('./model-definition.js');
const deepMerge = require('./utils').deepMerge;
const deepMergeProperty = require('./utils').deepMergeProperty;
const rankArrayElements = require('./utils').rankArrayElements;
const MixinProvider = require('./mixins');

// Set up types
require('./types')(ModelBuilder);

const introspect = require('./introspection')(ModelBuilder);

/*!
 * Export public API
 */
exports.ModelBuilder = exports.Schema = ModelBuilder;

/*!
 * Helpers
 */
const slice = Array.prototype.slice;

/**
 * ModelBuilder - A builder to define data models.
 *
 * @property {Object} definitions Definitions of the models.
 * @property {Object} models Model constructors
 * @class
 */
function ModelBuilder() {
  // create blank models pool
  this.models = {};
  this.definitions = {};
  this.settings = {};
  this.mixins = new MixinProvider(this);
  this.defaultModelBaseClass = DefaultModelBaseClass;
}

// Inherit from EventEmitter
util.inherits(ModelBuilder, EventEmitter);

// Create a default instance
ModelBuilder.defaultInstance = new ModelBuilder();

function isModelClass(cls) {
  if (!cls) {
    return false;
  }
  return cls.prototype instanceof DefaultModelBaseClass;
}

/**
 * Get a model by name.
 *
 * @param {String} name The model name
 * @param {Boolean} forceCreate Whether the create a stub for the given name if a model doesn't exist.
 * @returns {ModelClass} The model class
 */
ModelBuilder.prototype.getModel = function(name, forceCreate) {
  let model = this.models[name];
  if (!model && forceCreate) {
    model = this.define(name, {}, {unresolved: true});
  }
  return model;
};

/**
 * Get the model definition by name
 * @param {String} name The model name
 * @returns {ModelDefinition} The model definition
 */
ModelBuilder.prototype.getModelDefinition = function(name) {
  return this.definitions[name];
};

/**
 * Define a model class.
 * Simple example:
 * ```
 * var User = modelBuilder.define('User', {
 *     email: String,
 *     password: String,
 *     birthDate: Date,
 *     activated: Boolean
 * });
 * ```
 * More advanced example:
 * ```
 * var User = modelBuilder.define('User', {
 *     email: { type: String, limit: 150, index: true },
 *     password: { type: String, limit: 50 },
 *     birthDate: Date,
 *     registrationDate: {type: Date, default: function () { return new Date }},
 *     activated: { type: Boolean, default: false }
 * });
 * ```
 *
 * @param {String} className Name of class
 * @param {Object} properties Hash of class properties in format `{property: Type, property2: Type2, ...}` or `{property: {type: Type}, property2: {type: Type2}, ...}`
 * @param {Object} settings Other configuration of class
 * @param {Function} parent Parent model
 * @return {ModelClass} The class constructor.
 *
 */
ModelBuilder.prototype.define = function defineClass(className, properties, settings, parent) {
  const modelBuilder = this;
  const args = slice.call(arguments);
  const pluralName = (settings && settings.plural) ||
    inflection.pluralize(className);

  const httpOptions = (settings && settings.http) || {};
  let pathName = httpOptions.path || pluralName;

  if (!className) {
    throw new Error(g.f('Class name required'));
  }
  if (args.length === 1) {
    properties = {};
    args.push(properties);
  }
  if (args.length === 2) {
    settings = {};
    args.push(settings);
  }

  properties = properties || {};
  settings = settings || {};

  // Set the strict mode to be false by default
  if (settings.strict === undefined || settings.strict === null) {
    settings.strict = false;
  }

  // Set up the base model class
  let ModelBaseClass = parent || this.defaultModelBaseClass;
  const baseClass = settings.base || settings['super'];
  if (baseClass) {
    // Normalize base model property
    settings.base = baseClass;
    delete settings['super'];

    if (isModelClass(baseClass)) {
      ModelBaseClass = baseClass;
    } else {
      ModelBaseClass = this.models[baseClass];
      assert(ModelBaseClass, 'Base model is not found: ' + baseClass);
    }
  }

  // Assert current model's base class provides method `getMergePolicy()`.
  assert(ModelBaseClass.getMergePolicy, `Base class ${ModelBaseClass.modelName}
    does not provide method getMergePolicy(). Most likely it is not inheriting
    from datasource-juggler's built-in default ModelBaseClass, which is an
    incorrect usage of the framework.`);

  // Initialize base model inheritance rank if not set already
  ModelBaseClass.__rank = ModelBaseClass.__rank || 1;

  // Make sure base properties are inherited
  // See https://github.com/strongloop/loopback-datasource-juggler/issues/293
  if ((parent && !settings.base) || (!parent && settings.base)) {
    return ModelBaseClass.extend(className, properties, settings);
  }

  // Check if there is a unresolved model with the same name
  let ModelClass = this.models[className];

  // Create the ModelClass if it doesn't exist or it's resolved (override)
  // TODO: [rfeng] We need to decide what names to use for built-in models such as User.
  if (!ModelClass || !ModelClass.settings.unresolved) {
    ModelClass = createModelClassCtor(className, ModelBaseClass);

    // mix in EventEmitter (don't inherit from)
    const events = new EventEmitter();
    // The model can have more than 10 listeners for lazy relationship setup
    // See https://github.com/strongloop/loopback/issues/404
    events.setMaxListeners(32);
    for (const f in EventEmitter.prototype) {
      if (typeof EventEmitter.prototype[f] === 'function') {
        ModelClass[f] = EventEmitter.prototype[f].bind(events);
      }
    }
    hiddenProperty(ModelClass, 'modelName', className);
  }

  // Iterate sub model inheritance rank over base model rank
  ModelClass.__rank = ModelBaseClass.__rank + 1;

  util.inherits(ModelClass, ModelBaseClass);

  // store class in model pool
  this.models[className] = ModelClass;

  // Return the unresolved model
  if (settings.unresolved) {
    ModelClass.settings = {unresolved: true};
    return ModelClass;
  }

  // Add metadata to the ModelClass
  hiddenProperty(ModelClass, 'modelBuilder', modelBuilder);
  hiddenProperty(ModelClass, 'dataSource', null); // Keep for back-compatibility
  hiddenProperty(ModelClass, 'pluralModelName', pluralName);
  hiddenProperty(ModelClass, 'relations', {});
  if (pathName[0] !== '/') {
    // Support both flavors path: 'x' and path: '/x'
    pathName = '/' + pathName;
  }
  hiddenProperty(ModelClass, 'http', {path: pathName});
  hiddenProperty(ModelClass, 'base', ModelBaseClass);
  hiddenProperty(ModelClass, '_observers', {});
  hiddenProperty(ModelClass, '_warned', {});

  // inherit ModelBaseClass static methods
  for (const i in ModelBaseClass) {
    // We need to skip properties that are already in the subclass, for example, the event emitter methods
    if (i !== '_mixins' && !(i in ModelClass)) {
      ModelClass[i] = ModelBaseClass[i];
    }
  }

  // Load and inject the model classes
  if (settings.models) {
    Object.keys(settings.models).forEach(function(m) {
      const model = settings.models[m];
      ModelClass[m] = typeof model === 'string' ? modelBuilder.getModel(model, true) : model;
    });
  }

  ModelClass.getter = {};
  ModelClass.setter = {};

  for (const p in properties) {
    // e.g excludePropertyList = ['id'] -  base properties listed in excludePropertyList will be excluded from the model.
    // excludeBaseProperties is introduced in SOAP model generation only for now and below logic
    // handles excludeBaseProperties. Generated SOAP model has base as 'Model' which means 'id' property gets added
    // automatically and 'id' property shouldn't be there for SOAP models. idInjection = false will not work
    // for SOAP generator case, since base 'Model' has already id property. 'id: false' at the property level will not
    // work either for SOAP generator case since generators use ModelDefinition.create to create property in the model
    // dynamically, that execution path has strict validation where doesn't accept 'id: false' in a property.
    // See https://github.com/strongloop/loopback-workspace/issues/486 for some more details.
    const excludePropertyList = settings['excludeBaseProperties'];
    // Remove properties that reverted by the subclass of the property from excludePropertyList
    if (properties[p] === null || properties[p] === false ||
      (excludePropertyList != null && excludePropertyList.indexOf(p) != -1)) {
      // Hide the base property
      delete properties[p];
    }

    // Throw error for properties with unsupported names
    if (/\./.test(p)) {
      throw new Error(g.f('Property names containing dot(s) are not supported. ' +
        'Model: %s, property: %s', className, p));
    }

    // Warn if property name is 'constructor'
    if (p === 'constructor') {
      deprecated(g.f('Property name should not be "{{constructor}}" in Model: %s', className));
    }
  }

  const modelDefinition = new ModelDefinition(this, className, properties, settings);

  this.definitions[className] = modelDefinition;

  // expose properties on the ModelClass
  ModelClass.definition = modelDefinition;
  // keep a pointer to settings as models can use it for configuration
  ModelClass.settings = modelDefinition.settings;

  let idInjection = settings.idInjection;
  if (idInjection !== false) {
    // Default to true if undefined
    idInjection = true;
  }

  let idNames = modelDefinition.idNames();
  if (idNames.length > 0) {
    // id already exists
    idInjection = false;
  }

  // Add the id property
  if (idInjection) {
    // Set up the id property
    ModelClass.definition.defineProperty('id', {type: Number, id: 1, generated: true});
  }

  idNames = modelDefinition.idNames(); // Reload it after rebuild
  // Create a virtual property 'id'
  if (idNames.length === 1) {
    const idProp = idNames[0];
    if (idProp !== 'id') {
      Object.defineProperty(ModelClass.prototype, 'id', {
        get: function() {
          const idProp = ModelClass.definition.idNames()[0];
          return this.__data[idProp];
        },
        configurable: true,
        enumerable: false,
      });
    }
  } else {
    // Now the id property is an object that consists of multiple keys
    Object.defineProperty(ModelClass.prototype, 'id', {
      get: function() {
        const compositeId = {};
        const idNames = ModelClass.definition.idNames();
        for (let i = 0, p; i < idNames.length; i++) {
          p = idNames[i];
          compositeId[p] = this.__data[p];
        }
        return compositeId;
      },
      configurable: true,
      enumerable: false,
    });
  }

  // updateOnly property is added to indicate that this property will appear in
  // the model for update/updateorcreate operations but and not for create operation.
  let forceId = ModelClass.settings.forceId;
  if (idNames.length > 0) {
    const idName = modelDefinition.idName();
    const idProp = ModelClass.definition.rawProperties[idName];
    if (idProp.generated && forceId !== false) {
      forceId = 'auto';
    } else if (!idProp.generated && forceId === 'auto') {
      // One of our parent models has enabled forceId because
      // it uses an auto-generated id property. However,
      // this particular model does not use auto-generated id,
      // therefore we need to disable `forceId`.
      forceId = false;
    }

    if (forceId) {
      ModelClass.validatesAbsenceOf(idName, {if: 'isNewRecord'});
    }

    ModelClass.definition.properties[idName].updateOnly = !!forceId;
    ModelClass.definition.rawProperties[idName].updateOnly = !!forceId;

    ModelClass.settings.forceId = forceId;
  }

  // A function to loop through the properties
  ModelClass.forEachProperty = function(cb) {
    const props = ModelClass.definition.properties;
    const keys = Object.keys(props);
    for (let i = 0, n = keys.length; i < n; i++) {
      cb(keys[i], props[keys[i]]);
    }
  };

  // A function to attach the model class to a data source
  ModelClass.attachTo = function(dataSource) {
    dataSource.attach(this);
  };

  /** Extend the model with the specified model, properties, and other settings.
   * For example, to extend an existing model, for example, a built-in model:
   *
   * ```js
   * var Customer = User.extend('customer', {
   *   accountId: String,
   *   vip: Boolean
   * });
   * ```
   *
   * To extend the base model, essentially creating a new model:
   * ```js
   * var user = loopback.Model.extend('user', properties, options);
   * ```
   *
   * @param {String} className Name of the new model being defined.
   * @options {Object} subClassProperties child model properties, added to base model
   *   properties.
   * @options {Object} subClassSettings child model settings such as relations and acls,
   *   merged with base model settings.
   */
  ModelClass.extend = function(className, subClassProperties, subClassSettings) {
    const baseClassProperties = ModelClass.definition.properties;
    const baseClassSettings = ModelClass.definition.settings;

    subClassProperties = subClassProperties || {};
    subClassSettings = subClassSettings || {};

    // Check if subclass redefines the ids
    let idFound = false;
    for (const k in subClassProperties) {
      if (subClassProperties[k] && subClassProperties[k].id) {
        idFound = true;
        break;
      }
    }

    // Merging the properties
    const keys = Object.keys(baseClassProperties);
    for (let i = 0, n = keys.length; i < n; i++) {
      const key = keys[i];

      if (idFound && baseClassProperties[key].id) {
        // don't inherit id properties
        continue;
      }
      if (subClassProperties[key] === undefined) {
        const baseProp = baseClassProperties[key];
        let basePropCopy = baseProp;
        if (baseProp && typeof baseProp === 'object') {
          // Deep clone the base properties
          basePropCopy = deepMerge(baseProp);
        }
        subClassProperties[key] = basePropCopy;
      }
    }

    // Merging the settings
    const originalSubclassSettings = subClassSettings;
    const mergePolicy = ModelClass.getMergePolicy(subClassSettings);
    subClassSettings = mergeSettings(baseClassSettings, subClassSettings, mergePolicy);

    // Ensure 'base' is not inherited. Note we don't have to delete 'super'
    // as that is removed from settings by modelBuilder.define and thus
    // it is never inherited
    if (!originalSubclassSettings.base) {
      subClassSettings.base = ModelClass;
    }

    // Define the subclass
    const subClass = modelBuilder.define(className, subClassProperties, subClassSettings, ModelClass);

    // Calling the setup function
    if (typeof subClass.setup === 'function') {
      subClass.setup.call(subClass);
    }

    return subClass;
  };

  /*
   * Merge parent and child model settings according to the provided merge policy.
   *
   * Below is presented the expected merge behaviour for each option of the policy.
   * NOTE: This applies to top-level settings properties
   *
   * - Any
   *     - `{replace: true}` (default): child replaces the value from parent
   *     - assigning `null` on child setting deletes the inherited setting
   *
   * - Arrays:
   *     - `{replace: false}`: unique elements of parent and child cumulate
   *     - `{rank: true}` adds the model inheritance rank to array
   *       elements of type Object {} as internal property `__rank`
   *
   * - Object {}:
   *     - `{replace: false}`: deep merges parent and child objects
   *     - `{patch: true}`: child replaces inner properties from parent
   *
   * Here is an example of merge policy:
   * ```
   * {
   *   description: {replace: true}, // string or array
   *   properties: {patch: true}, // object
   *   hidden: {replace: false}, // array
   *   protected: {replace: false}, // array
   *   relations: {acls: true}, // object
   *   acls: {rank: true}, // array
   * }
   * ```
   *
   * @param {Object} baseClassSettings parent model settings.
   * @param {Object} subClassSettings child model settings.
   * @param {Object} mergePolicy merge policy, as defined in `ModelClass.getMergePolicy()`
   * @return {Object} mergedSettings merged parent and child models settings.
   */
  function mergeSettings(baseClassSettings, subClassSettings, mergePolicy) {
    // deep clone base class settings
    const mergedSettings = deepMerge(baseClassSettings);

    Object.keys(baseClassSettings).forEach(function(key) {
      // rank base class settings arrays elements where required
      if (mergePolicy[key] && mergePolicy[key].rank) {
        baseClassSettings[key] = rankArrayElements(baseClassSettings[key], ModelBaseClass.__rank);
      }
    });

    Object.keys(subClassSettings).forEach(function(key) {
      // assign default merge policy to unknown settings if specified
      // if none specified, a deep merge will be applied eventually
      if (mergePolicy[key] == null) { // undefined or null
        mergePolicy[key] = mergePolicy.__default || {};
      }

      // allow null value to remove unwanted settings from base class settings
      if (subClassSettings[key] === mergePolicy.__delete) {
        delete mergedSettings[key];
        return;
      }
      // rank sub class settings arrays elements where required
      if (mergePolicy[key].rank) {
        subClassSettings[key] = rankArrayElements(subClassSettings[key], ModelBaseClass.__rank + 1);
      }
      // replace base class settings where required
      if (mergePolicy[key].replace) {
        mergedSettings[key] = subClassSettings[key];
        return;
      }
      // patch inner properties of base class settings where required
      if (mergePolicy[key].patch) {
        // mergedSettings[key] might not be initialized
        mergedSettings[key] = mergedSettings[key] || {};
        Object.keys(subClassSettings[key]).forEach(function(innerKey) {
          mergedSettings[key][innerKey] = subClassSettings[key][innerKey];
        });
        return;
      }

      // in case no merge policy matched, apply a deep merge
      // this for example handles {replace: false} and {rank: true}
      mergedSettings[key] = deepMergeProperty(baseClassSettings[key], subClassSettings[key]);
    });

    return mergedSettings;
  }

  /**
   * Register a property for the model class
   * @param {String} propertyName Name of the property.
   */
  ModelClass.registerProperty = function(propertyName) {
    const properties = modelDefinition.build();
    const prop = properties[propertyName];
    const DataType = prop.type;
    if (!DataType) {
      throw new Error(g.f('Invalid type for property %s', propertyName));
    }

    if (prop.required) {
      const requiredOptions = typeof prop.required === 'object' ? prop.required : undefined;
      ModelClass.validatesPresenceOf(propertyName, requiredOptions);
    }
    if (DataType === Date) ModelClass.validatesDateOf(propertyName);

    Object.defineProperty(ModelClass.prototype, propertyName, {
      get: function() {
        if (ModelClass.getter[propertyName]) {
          return ModelClass.getter[propertyName].call(this); // Try getter first
        } else {
          return this.__data && this.__data[propertyName]; // Try __data
        }
      },
      set: function(value) {
        let DataType = ModelClass.definition.properties[propertyName].type;
        if (Array.isArray(DataType) || DataType === Array) {
          DataType = List;
        } else if (DataType === Date) {
          DataType = DateType;
        } else if (DataType === Boolean) {
          DataType = BooleanType;
        } else if (typeof DataType === 'string') {
          DataType = modelBuilder.resolveType(DataType);
        }

        const persistUndefinedAsNull = ModelClass.definition.settings.persistUndefinedAsNull;
        if (value === undefined && persistUndefinedAsNull) {
          value = null;
        }

        if (ModelClass.setter[propertyName]) {
          ModelClass.setter[propertyName].call(this, value); // Try setter first
        } else {
          this.__data = this.__data || {};
          if (value === null || value === undefined) {
            this.__data[propertyName] = value;
          } else {
            if (DataType === List) {
              this.__data[propertyName] = DataType(value, properties[propertyName].type, this.__data);
            } else {
              // Assume the type constructor handles Constructor() call
              // If not, we should call new DataType(value).valueOf();
              this.__data[propertyName] = (value instanceof DataType) ? value : DataType(value);
            }
          }
        }
      },
      configurable: true,
      enumerable: true,
    });

    // FIXME: [rfeng] Do we need to keep the raw data?
    // Use $ as the prefix to avoid conflicts with properties such as _id
    Object.defineProperty(ModelClass.prototype, '$' + propertyName, {
      get: function() {
        return this.__data && this.__data[propertyName];
      },
      set: function(value) {
        if (!this.__data) {
          this.__data = {};
        }
        this.__data[propertyName] = value;
      },
      configurable: true,
      enumerable: false,
    });
  };

  const props = ModelClass.definition.properties;
  let keys = Object.keys(props);
  let size = keys.length;
  for (let i = 0; i < size; i++) {
    const propertyName = keys[i];
    ModelClass.registerProperty(propertyName);
  }

  const mixinSettings = settings.mixins || {};
  keys = Object.keys(mixinSettings);
  size = keys.length;
  for (let i = 0; i < size; i++) {
    const name = keys[i];
    let mixin = mixinSettings[name];
    if (mixin === true) {
      mixin = {};
    }
    if (Array.isArray(mixin)) {
      mixin.forEach(function(m) {
        if (m === true) m = {};
        if (typeof m === 'object') {
          modelBuilder.mixins.applyMixin(ModelClass, name, m);
        }
      });
    } else if (typeof mixin === 'object') {
      modelBuilder.mixins.applyMixin(ModelClass, name, mixin);
    }
  }

  ModelClass.emit('defined', ModelClass);

  return ModelClass;
};

function createModelClassCtor(name, ModelBaseClass) {
  // A simple sanitization to handle most common characters
  // that are used in model names but cannot be used as a function/class name.
  // Note that the rules for valid JS indentifiers are way too complex,
  // implementing a fully spec-compliant sanitization is not worth the effort.
  // See https://mathiasbynens.be/notes/javascript-identifiers-es6
  name = name.replace(/[-.:]/g, '_');

  try {
    // It is not possible to access closure variables like "ModelBaseClass"
    // from a dynamically defined function. The solution is to
    // create a dynamically defined factory function that accepts
    // closure variables as arguments.
    const factory = new Function('ModelBaseClass', `
      // every class can receive hash of data as optional param
      return function ${name}(data, options) {
        if (!(this instanceof ${name})) {
          return new ${name}(data, options);
        }
        if (${name}.settings.unresolved) {
          throw new Error(g.f('Model %s is not defined.', ${JSON.stringify(name)}));
        }
        ModelBaseClass.apply(this, arguments);
      };`);

    return factory(ModelBaseClass);
  } catch (err) {
    // modelName is not a valid function/class name, e.g. 'grand-child'
    // and our simple sanitization was not good enough.
    // Falling back to legacy 'ModelConstructor' name.
    if (err.name === 'SyntaxError') {
      return createModelClassCtor('ModelConstructor', ModelBaseClass);
    } else {
      throw err;
    }
  }
}

// DataType for Date
function DateType(arg) {
  if (arg === null) return null;
  const d = new Date(arg);
  return d;
}

// Relax the Boolean coercision
function BooleanType(arg) {
  if (typeof arg === 'string') {
    switch (arg) {
      case 'true':
      case '1':
        return true;
      case 'false':
      case '0':
        return false;
    }
  }
  if (arg == null) {
    return null;
  }
  return Boolean(arg);
}

/**
 * Define single property named `propertyName` on `model`
 *
 * @param {String} model Name of model
 * @param {String} propertyName Name of property
 * @param {Object} propertyDefinition Property settings
 */
ModelBuilder.prototype.defineProperty = function(model, propertyName, propertyDefinition) {
  this.definitions[model].defineProperty(propertyName, propertyDefinition);
  this.models[model].registerProperty(propertyName);
};

/**
 * Define a new value type that can be used in model schemas as a property type.
 * @param {function()} type Type constructor.
 * @param {string[]=} aliases Optional list of alternative names for this type.
 */
ModelBuilder.prototype.defineValueType = function(type, aliases) {
  ModelBuilder.registerType(type, aliases);
};

/**
 * Extend existing model with specified properties
 *
 * Example:
 * Instead of extending a model with attributes like this (for example):
 *
 * ```js
 *     db.defineProperty('Content', 'competitionType',
 *       { type: String });
 *     db.defineProperty('Content', 'expiryDate',
 *       { type: Date, index: true });
 *     db.defineProperty('Content', 'isExpired',
 *       { type: Boolean, index: true });
 *```
 * This method enables you to extend a model as follows (for example):
 * ```js
 *     db.extendModel('Content', {
 *       competitionType: String,
 *       expiryDate: { type: Date, index: true },
 *       isExpired: { type: Boolean, index: true }
 *     });
 *```
 *
 * @param {String} model Name of model
 * @options {Object} properties JSON object specifying properties.  Each property is a key whos value is
 * either the [type](http://docs.strongloop.com/display/LB/LoopBack+types) or `propertyName: {options}`
 * where the options are described below.
 * @property {String} type Datatype of property: Must be an [LDL type](http://docs.strongloop.com/display/LB/LoopBack+types).
 * @property {Boolean} index True if the property is an index; false otherwise.
 */
ModelBuilder.prototype.extendModel = function(model, props) {
  const t = this;
  const keys = Object.keys(props);
  for (let i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {
    const definition = props[keys[i]];
    t.defineProperty(model, keys[i], definition);
  }
};

ModelBuilder.prototype.copyModel = function copyModel(Master) {
  const modelBuilder = this;
  const className = Master.modelName;
  const md = Master.modelBuilder.definitions[className];
  const Slave = function SlaveModel() {
    Master.apply(this, [].slice.call(arguments));
  };

  util.inherits(Slave, Master);

  Slave.__proto__ = Master;

  hiddenProperty(Slave, 'modelBuilder', modelBuilder);
  hiddenProperty(Slave, 'modelName', className);
  hiddenProperty(Slave, 'relations', Master.relations);

  if (!(className in modelBuilder.models)) {
    // store class in model pool
    modelBuilder.models[className] = Slave;
    modelBuilder.definitions[className] = {
      properties: md.properties,
      settings: md.settings,
    };
  }

  return Slave;
};

/**
 * Remove a model from the registry.
 *
 * @param {String} modelName
 */
ModelBuilder.prototype.deleteModelByName = function(modelName) {
  delete this.models[modelName];
  delete this.definitions[modelName];
};

/*!
 * Define hidden property
 */
function hiddenProperty(where, property, value) {
  Object.defineProperty(where, property, {
    writable: true,
    enumerable: false,
    configurable: true,
    value: value,
  });
}

/**
 * Get the schema name. If no parameter is given, then an anonymous model name
 * is generated and returned.
 * @param {string=} name The optional name parameter.
 * @returns {string} The schema name.
 */
ModelBuilder.prototype.getSchemaName = function(name) {
  if (name) {
    return name;
  }
  if (typeof this._nameCount !== 'number') {
    this._nameCount = 0;
  } else {
    this._nameCount++;
  }
  return 'AnonymousModel_' + this._nameCount;
};

/**
 * Resolve the type string to be a function, for example, 'String' to String.
 * Returns {Function} if the type is resolved
 * @param {String | Object | Array} prop The object whose type is to be resolved
 */
ModelBuilder.prototype.resolveType = function(prop, isSubProperty) {
  if (!prop) {
    return prop;
  }
  if (Array.isArray(prop) && prop.length > 0) {
    // For array types, the first item should be the type string
    const itemType = this.resolveType(prop[0]);
    if (typeof itemType === 'function') {
      return [itemType];
    } else {
      return itemType; // Not resolved, return the type string
    }
  }
  if (typeof prop === 'string') {
    const schemaType = ModelBuilder.schemaTypes[prop.toLowerCase()] || this.models[prop];
    if (schemaType) {
      return schemaType;
    } else {
      // The type cannot be resolved, let's create a place holder
      prop = this.define(prop, {}, {unresolved: true});
      return prop;
    }
  } else if (prop.constructor.name === 'Object') {
    // We also support the syntax {type: 'string', ...}
    if (!isSubProperty && prop.type) {
      return this.resolveType(prop.type, true);
    } else {
      return this.define(this.getSchemaName(null),
        prop, {
          anonymous: true,
          idInjection: false,
          strict: this.settings.strictEmbeddedModels || false,
        });
    }
  } else if ('function' === typeof prop) {
    return prop;
  }
  return prop;
};

/**
 * Build models from schema definitions
 *
 * `schemas` can be one of the following:
 *
 * 1. An array of named schema definition JSON objects
 * 2. A schema definition JSON object
 * 3. A list of property definitions (anonymous)
 *
 * @param {*} schemas The schemas
 * @returns {Object.<string, ModelClass>} A map of model constructors keyed by
 * model name.
 */
ModelBuilder.prototype.buildModels = function(schemas, createModel) {
  const models = {};

  // Normalize the schemas to be an array of the schema objects {name: <name>, properties: {}, options: {}}
  if (!Array.isArray(schemas)) {
    if (schemas.properties && schemas.name) {
      // Only one item
      schemas = [schemas];
    } else {
      // Anonymous schema
      schemas = [
        {
          name: this.getSchemaName(),
          properties: schemas,
          options: {anonymous: true},
        },
      ];
    }
  }

  let relations = [];
  for (let s = 0, n = schemas.length; s < n; s++) {
    const name = this.getSchemaName(schemas[s].name);
    schemas[s].name = name;
    const model = typeof createModel === 'function' ?
      createModel(schemas[s].name, schemas[s].properties, schemas[s].options) :
      this.define(schemas[s].name, schemas[s].properties, schemas[s].options);
    models[name] = model;
    relations = relations.concat(model.definition.relations);
  }

  // Connect the models based on the relations
  for (let i = 0; i < relations.length; i++) {
    const relation = relations[i];
    const sourceModel = models[relation.source];
    const targetModel = models[relation.target];
    if (sourceModel && targetModel) {
      if (typeof sourceModel[relation.type] === 'function') {
        sourceModel[relation.type](targetModel, {as: relation.as});
      }
    }
  }
  return models;
};

/**
 * Introspect the JSON document to build a corresponding model.
 * @param {String} name The model name
 * @param {Object} json The JSON object
 * @param {Object} options The options
 * @returns {ModelClass} The generated model class constructor.
 */
ModelBuilder.prototype.buildModelFromInstance = function(name, json, options) {
  // Introspect the JSON document to generate a schema
  const schema = introspect(json);

  // Create a model for the generated schema
  return this.define(name, schema, options);
};